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According to the updated IOTA consensus, a papillary projection is a solid component protruding into a cyst cavity with a height of at least 3 mm; papillary projections may arise from the cyst wall or a septum, and the largest projection should be measured using standardized dimensions. Previous studies have associated greater papillary height or number, blood flow, and irregular, confluent or disseminated morphology with borderline or invasive disease.
Timmerman D, Valentin L, Testa AC, Froyman W, Landolfo C, Kotlarz A, et al. Terms, definitions and measurements to describe the sonographic features of adnexal tumors: updated consensus opinion from the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2026;67:702-724.
Hassen K, Ghossain MA, Rousset P, Sciot C, Hugol D, Baddoura R, et al. Characterization of papillary projections in benign versus borderline and malignant ovarian masses on conventional and color Doppler ultrasound. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:1444-1449.
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